英语课文
Unit Two Social Networking
Part One Reading and Translating
Reading A: Some Youth Rethink Online Communications
一些年轻人正在重新思考在线交流
Martha Irvine
For some, it would be unthinkable-certain social suicide. But Gabe Henderson is finding freedom in a recent decision: He canceled his MySpace account.
对某些人来说，那无疑是一种社交自杀，但是GH已经在最近的一个决定中找到了自由，那就是注销他的MySpace账户。
No longer enthralled with the world of social networking, the 26-year-old graduate student pulled the plug after realizing that a lot of the online friends he accumulated were really just acquaintances. He’s also phasing out his profile on Facebook, a popular social networking site that, like others, allows users to create profiles, swap message and share photos—–all with the goal of expanding their circle of online friends.
这位26岁的研究生不再沉迷于社交网络的世界，他在意识到自己所积累的许多网友真的仅仅只是泛泛之交之后“拔掉了插头”。他也逐渐暂停了他在Facebook上的个人简介，Facebook是一个流行的社交网站，它允许用户创建个人简介，交换信息和分享照片——所有的这些都旨在扩大他们的网友圈子。
“The superficial emptiness clouded the excitement I had once felt,” Henderson wrote in a column in the student newspaper at lowa State University, where he studies history. “It seems we have lost, to some degree, that special depth that true friendship entails.”
“表面的空虚掩盖了我曾感受到的激情。” GH在他学习历史时就读的lowa State University的学生报纸专栏上写道：“在某种程度上，我们似乎已经失去了真正友谊所蕴含的那种特殊深度”，
Across campus, journalism professor Michael Bugeja–long an advocate of face-to-face communication–read Henderson’s column and saw it as a “ray of hope.” It’s one of a few signs, he says, that some members of the tech generation are starting to see the value of quality face time.
在校园的另一端，一个长期提倡面对面交流的新闻学教授MB读到了GH的专栏，并将其视为一线希望。**他说，这是为数不多的迹象之一，说明高科技一代中的一些人开始正视提高面对面交流质量的重要性。**
As the novelty of their wired lives wears off,they’re also getting more sophisticated about the way they use such tools as social networking and text and instant messaging-not just constantly using them because they’re there.
对网络生活不再感到新奇后，他们也开始深入思考使用社交网络、短信和即时通讯这些工具的用途，而不仅仅只是为了使用而使用。
“I think we’re at the very beginning of them reaching a saturation point“ says Bugeja, director of lowa State’s journalism school and author of “Interpersonal Divide: The Search for Community in a Technological Age.”
”我认为我们正处在他们到达饱和点的开端“，lowa洲的新闻学学院的院长、《人际鸿沟：技术时代中的社群追寻》的作者MB表示。
Though he’s not anti-technology, Bugeja often lectures students about “interpersonal intelligence”-knowing when, where and for what purpose technology is most appropriate.
虽然MB并非反对科技，但他经常向学生讲授”人际智能“，即判断何时、何地以及为何最适合使用科技。
He points out the students he’s seen walking across campus, holding hands with significant others while talking on cell phones to someone else. He’s also observed them in coffee shops, surrounded by people, but staring instead at a computer screen.
他指出，他看到有些学生从校园走过时一边手牵着伴侣，一边拿着手机在和别人通话。他还观察到，这类学生在咖啡店里，即使周围人来人往，也会死死盯着电脑屏幕。
“True friends,” he tells them,”need to learn when to stop blogging and go across campus to help a friend.”
他告诉学生们：“真正的朋友，需要学会何时停止写博客，转而到校园里帮助朋友。”
In the meantime, he says, many professors have begun setting their own limits, banning students from surfing the Internet during lectures.
与此同时，他表示，许多教授已开始自行设限，禁止学生在课堂上上网。
Of course, these forms of communication continue to dominate. In the October issue of the journal Pediatrics, for instance, researchers at Stanford University released findings from an ongoing study of students at an upper-middle income high school in the San Francisco area. One written survey found that the large majority of students were members of at least one social networking site-81 percent of them on MySpace. They also found that 89 percent of those students had cell phones, most of them with text and Web surfing capabilities.
当然，这些沟通方式依然占据主导地位。例如，在《儿科学》期刊10月刊中，斯坦福大学的研究人员发布了一项针对旧金山地区一所中高收入高中学生的持续研究 结果。一项书面调查显示，绝大多数学生至少注册了一个社交网站——其中81%使用MySpace。研究还发现，89%的学生拥有手机，且多数手机具备短信和网页浏览功能。
They are more wired than ever–but they’re also getting warier.
如今他们比以往任何时候都更依赖网络，但同时也变得更加警惕。
Increasingly, they’ve had to deal with online bullies, who are posting anything from unflattering photos to online threats.
如今，他们不得不频繁应对网络霸凌者，这些网络霸凌者会发布各种内容，从不雅照片到网络威胁应有尽有。
Privacy issues also are hitting home, most recently when students discovered that personal updates on their Facebook pages were being automatically forwarded to contacts they didn’t necessarily want to have the information. Facebook was forced to let users turn off the data stream after they rebelled.
隐私问题也令人堪忧，特别是近来一些学生发现，他们在脸书网上更新的个人动态会自动转发给不必要的联系人。在用户强烈抗议后，脸书被迫允许用户关闭数据推送功能。
Increasingly, young people also are realizing that things they post on their profiles can come back to haunt them when applying for school or jobs.
如今，越来越多的年轻人意识到，他们在个人资料中发布的内容，可能会在申请学校或工作时成为他们的绊脚石。
“Maybe everything we thought was so great wasn’t as great as we thought,” says Tina Wells, the 20-something CEO of Buzz Marketing, a New York-based firm with young advisers all over the world.
“或许我们以为再棒的事物，并不如想象中那么出色。”Buzz Marketing公司CEO，TW这样说道。这家总部位于纽约的营销机构，拥有遍布全球的年轻顾问团队。
She is among those who wonder if, sometimes, simple face-to-face communication might work better.
她和许多人一样，有时会想，面对面的简单交流或许效果更好。
In many instances, says 27-year-old Veronica Gross, it does.
27岁的VG表示，在许多情况下确实如此。
“By and large, I would say most of my very geeky social circle prefers face-to-face interaction to mere Internet communication,” says Gross, an avid online gamer who is also a doctoral student studying neuroscience at Boston University.
“总体而言，我可以说我那些极客圈子中的大多数人都更喜欢面对面交流，而非单纯的网络沟通，”VG说道。他是一位狂热的网络游戏爱好者，同时也在波士顿大学攻读神经科学博士学位。
She sees faceless communication as a supplement to everyday interactions, not a replacement. This sentiment also was the conclusion of a study done by the Pew Internet & American Life Project. The study, released earlier this year, found that Internet users tend to have a larger network of close and significant contacts-a median of 37 compared with 30 for nonusers.
她认为无面孔交流是日常互动的补充，而非替代。这一观点也是皮尤互联网与美国生活项目（Pew Internet & American Life Project）的研究结论。该研究于今年早些时候发布，发现互联网用户往往拥有更广泛的亲密且重要联系人网络——中位数为37人，而非用户则为30人。
Indeed, Steve Miller, a sophomore at Rollins College in Winter Park, Fla., says social networking can be an “extremely effective” way to publicize events to large groups-and even to help build a sense of community on campus.
的确，温特帕克市罗林斯学院大二学生RC表示，社交网络不仅能高效推广大型活动，更能有效促进校园社区凝聚力。
He joined Facebook as a way to meet people before he started school, but also quickly learned that it had limitations, too.
他加入Facebook是为了在入学前结识朋友，但很快发现这个平台也有局限性。
“I discovered, after meeting many of these (online) friends, that a good Facebook profile could make even the most boring person somewhat interesting,” says Miller, who’s 19 and now a sophomore.
19岁的大二学生米勒说：“见过很多网友之后，我发现，脸书网上优秀的个人资料甚至能使一个令人讨厌的人变得吸引人。”
He’s also not always thrilled with text messaging via cell phones, which can be a quick way to say “have a good day” or to coordinate a plan to meet up at a noisy concert.
同时，他也不喜欢用手机短信功能。虽然手机短信能够更快地发送问候信息，也能及时地改变行程，避免约在嘈杂的演唱会现场。
“Text messaging has become the easy way out,” Miller says.
米勒也说：“短信使社交变得容易。”
He’s had friends cancel a night out with a text message to avoid having to explain. He’s also seen some people ask for dates via text to escape the humiliation of hearing a “no” on the phone or in person.
他的一些朋友会用短信取消晚上的约会，这样做可以避免做出过多解释。另外，他还看到一些人为了避免当面或电话中被拒绝的尴尬，就用短信来做出邀请。
“Our generation needs to get over this fear of confrontation and rejection,” he says.
他说：”我们这一代需要克服这种害怕拒绝的心理。“
The focus, he and others say, needs to be on quality communication, in all formats.
他和其他人表示，重点应放在所有形式的高质量沟通上。
Back in lowa, Henderson is enjoying spending more face-to-face time with his friends and less with his computer. He says his decision to quit MySpace and Facebook was a good one.
回到lowa，GH更享受与朋友面对面相处的时光，而减少了使用电脑的时间。他表示，当初退出MySpace和Facebook的决定是正确的。
“I’m not sacrificing friends,” he says, “because if a picture, some basic information about their life and a Web page is all my friendship has become, then there was nothing to sacrifice to begin with.”
“我并没有牺牲朋友，”他说，“因为如果一张照片、一些关于他们生活的基本信息和一个网页就构成了我所有的友谊，那么从一开始就没有值得牺牲的东西。”
New Words and Expressions
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性 | 音标 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| accumulate | v. | [ə’kju:mjəleɪt] | 积聚，堆积 |
| advocate | n. | [‘ædvəkert; -ət] | 提倡者，鼓吹者 |
| avid | a. | [‘ævɪd] | 热衷的，渴求的 |
| ban | v. | [bæn] | 禁止，取缔 |
| blog | n. | [blɒg] | 博客 |
| bully | n. | [‘bʊli] | 恶棍，暴徒 |
| cancel | v. | [‘kæns(ə)l] | 取消，使无效 |
| capability | n. | [keɪpə’bɪlətɪ] | 能力 |
| cellphone | n. | [‘sel’fəʊn] | 蜂窝式便携无线电话，手机 |
| confrontation | n. | [ˌkɒnfrʌn’teɪʃn] | 面对，对峙，对质 |
| coordinate | v. | [kəʊ’ɔ:dɪneɪt] | (使) 协调，调整 |
| dominate | v. | [‘dɒmɪneɪt] | 支配，占优势 |
| entail | v. | [ɪn’teɪl; en-] | 牵涉，需要 |
| enthrall | v. | [ɪn’θrɔ:l] | 迷住，吸引住 |
| format | n. | [‘fɔ:mæt] | 形式 |
| forward | v. | [‘fɔ:wəd] | 转寄 |
| geeky | a. | [‘gi:ki] | <俚> 令人讨厌的 |
| humiliation | n. | [ˌhju:mɪli’eɪʃn] | 羞辱，蒙耻 |
| interpersonal | a. | [ˌɪntə’pɜ:s(ə)n(ə)l] | 人与人之间的 |
| median | n. | [‘mi:dɪən] | 中间数值；中线 |
| neuroscience | n. | [‘njuərəʊsaɪəns] | 神经科学 |
| novelty | n. | [‘nɒv(ə)ltɪ] | 新奇，新颖 |
| ongoing | a. | [‘ɒngəʊɪŋ] | 正在进行的 |
| pediatrics | n. | [ˌpi:di’ætrɪks] | [医] 儿科 |
| plug | n. | [plʌg] | 插头，塞子 |
| privacy | n. | [‘prɪvəsi; ‘praɪ-] | 隐私 |
| profile | n. | [‘prəʊfaɪl] | 简介，个性及生平的简要描述 |
| publicize | v. | [‘pʌblɪsaɪz] | 宣扬 |
| rebel | v. | [rɪ’bel] | 反抗，造反 |
| rejection | n. | [rɪ’dʒekʃ(ə)n] | 拒绝 |
| release | v. | [rɪ’li:s] | 发布 |
| sacrifice | v. | [‘sækrɪfaɪs] | 牺牲 |
| sentiment | n. | [‘sentɪm(ə)nt] | 观点，情绪 |
| significant | a. | [sɪg’nɪfɪk(ə)nt] | 相当数量的 |
| sophisticated | a. | [sə’fɪstɪkeɪtɪd] | 富有经验的，老练的 |
| sophomore | n. | [‘sɒfəmɔ:] | 大学二年级生 |
| suicide | n. | [‘s(j)u:ɪsaɪd] | 自杀 |
| surf | v. | [sɜ:f] | (网上) 冲浪 |
| survey | n. | [‘sɜ:veɪ] | 调查 |
| swap | v. | [swɒp] | 交换 |
| thrill | v. | [θrɪl] | 使激动，使胆战心惊 |
| unflattering | a. | [ʌn’flæt(ə)rɪŋ] | 不顺眼的，有损形象的 |
| unthinkable | a. | [ʌn’θɪŋkəb(ə)l] | 不可想象的 |
| update | n. | [ʌp’deɪt] | 更新 |
| wary | a. | [‘weərɪ] | 谨慎的，机警的 |
| wired | a. | [‘waɪəd] | 接有电线的 |
| phase out | - | - | 使逐步淘汰，逐渐停止 |
| way out | - | - | 摆脱困境的办法 |
| wear off | - | - | 逐渐减弱，磨损 |
| in the meantime | - | - | 在…… 期间，同时 |
| get over | - | - | 克服，熬过 |
| hit home | - | - | 打中要害，触及痛处 |
| to begin with | - | - | 首先，本来 |
| meet up (with) | - | - | 遇着，碰见 |
Exercises
I. Give brief answers to the following questions.
What did Gabe Henderson do to find freedom?
答：He canceled his MySpace account.What are ways for a social networking site to achieve the goal of expanding one’s circle of online friends?
答：It allows users to create profiles, swap message and share photos, for example.What does Bugeja often lecture students about “interpersonal intelligence”?
答：He lectures students knowing when, where and for what purpose technology is most appropriate.What is online bully?
答：It is one phenomenon when people may post anything from unflattering photos to online threats to others.What was the conclusion of the study done by the Pew Internet & American Life Project about social networking?
答：It concluded that faceless communication was seen as a supplement to everyday interactions, not a replacement.What is the opinion of Steve Miller towards social networking?
答：He thinks that social networking can be an “extremely effective” way to publicize events to large groups and even to help build a sense of community on campus.
II. Complete the following passage by filling each of the numbered blanks with one or two suitable words using the Chinese in the brackets as the reference.
Of course, these forms of communication continue to (dominate)(主导). In the October issue of the journal Pediatrics, for instance, researchers at Stanford University released (发布) findings from an ongoing(不间断的) study of students at an upper-middle income high school in the San Francisco area. One written survey (调查) found that the large majority (大多数) of students were members of at least one social networking site-81 percent of them on MySpace. They also found that 89 percent of those students had cell phones, most of them with text and Web surfing (上网) capabilities.
They are more wired than ever–but they’re also getting warier (更焦虑).
Increasingly, they’ve had to deal with online bullies (网络欺凌者),who are posting (发布) anything from unflattering photos to online threats.
Privacy issues also are hitting home, most recently when students discovered that personal updates on their Facebook pages were being automatically forwarded (转发) to contacts they didn’t necessarily want to have the information. Facebook was forced to let users turn off the data stream (数据流) after they rebelled.
III. Complete the following sentences with one function word or phrase.
He’s also phasing out his profile on Facebook, a popular social networking site that, like others, allows users to create profiles, swap message and share photos—-all with the goal of expanding their circle of online friends.
Henderson wrote in a column in the student newspaper at lowa State University, where he studies history.
It seems we have lost, to some degree , that special depth that true friendship entails.
“True friends,”he tells them, “need to learn when to stop blogging and go across campus to help a friend.”
In the October issue of the journal Pediatrics, for instance , researchers at Stanford University released findings from an ongoing study of students at an upper-middle income high school in the San Francisco area.
“ By and large ,I would say most of my very geeky social circle prefers face-to-face interaction to mere Internet communication,” says Gross, an avid online gamer who is also a doctoral student studying neuroscience at Boston University.
VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
“I discovered, after meeting many of these (online) friends, that a good Facebook profile could make even the most boring person somewhat interesting.” says Miller, who’s 19 and now a sophomore.
19岁的大二学生米勒说：“见过很多网友之后，我发现，脸书网上优秀的个人资料甚至能使一个令人讨厌的人变得吸引人。”
He’s also not always thrilled with text messaging via cell phones, which can be a quick way to say “have a good day” or to coordinate a plan to meet up at a noisy concert.
同时，他也不喜欢用手机短信功能。虽然手机短信能够更快地发送问候信息，也能及时地改变行程，避免约在嘈杂的演唱会现场。
“Text messaging has become the easy way out,” Miller says.
米勒也说：“短信使社交变得容易。
He’s had friends cancel a night out with a text message to avoid having to explain. He’s also seen some people ask for dates via text to escape the humiliation of hearing a “no” on the phone or in person.
他的一些朋友会用短信取消晚上的约会，这样做可以避免做出过多解释。另外，他还看到一些人为了避免当面或电话中被拒绝的尴尬，就用短信来做出邀请。
“Our generation needs to get over this fear of confrontation and rejection,”he says.
他说：”我们这一代需要克服这种害怕拒绝的心理。“
Unit Five Ethics
Part One Reading and Translating
Reading A: Basic Principles of Environmental Ethics
环境伦理学的基本原理
Many traditional western ethical perspectives, however, are anthropocentric or human-centered in that either they assign intrinsic value to human beings alone (i.e. what we might call anthropocentric in a strong sense) or they assign a significantly greater amount of intrinsic value to human beings than to any nonhuman things such that the protection or promotion of human interests or well-being at the expense of nonhuman things turns out to be nearly always justified (i.e., what we might call anthropocentric in a weak sense). For example, Aristotle maintains that “nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man” and that the value of nonhuman things in nature is merely instrumental. Generally, anthropocentric positions find it problematic to articulate what is wrong with the cruel treatment of nonhuman animals, except to the extent that such treatment may lead to bad consequences for human beings. Immanuel Kant, for instance, suggests that cruelty towards a dog might encourage a person to develop a character which would be desensitized to cruelty towards humans. From this standpoint, cruelty towards nonhuman animals would be instrumentally, rather than intrinsically, wrong. likewise, anthropocentrism often recognizes some non-intrinsic wrongness of anthropogenic (i.e. human-caused) environmental devastation. Such destruction might damage the well-being of human beings now and in the future, since our well-being is essentially dependent on a sustainable environment.
然而，很多传统的西方伦理观都是人类中心说或者以人类为中心的，具体而言，这一观点或者仅赋予人类以内在价值（即我们可能称之为强人类中心主义的），或者赋予人类的内在价值远远高于非人类生物的价值，以至于为了保护或促进人类的利益和福利，牺牲非人类事物的做法都是正当合理的。（我们或许可以称之为弱意义上的人类中心主义）。例如，亚里士多德认为“自然为人类而创造万物”，自然界中非人类事物的价值仅具工具性。通常，人类中心主义立场难以去阐明对非人类动物实施残酷对待的错误所在，除非这种对待可能导致人类遭受不良后果。例如，伊曼努尔·康德提出，对狗施加残忍行为可能促使个体形成一种对人类施加残忍行为不敏感的性格特征。从这一视角来看，对非人类动物的残忍行为应被视为工具性错误而非本质性错误。同样，人类中心主义常承认人为（即由人类引发）的环境破坏具有某种非本质性的错误性。此类破坏可能损害人类当前及未来的福祉，因为我们的福祉本质上依赖于可持续的环境。
Biocentrism states that nature does not exist simply to be used or consumed by humans, but that humans are simply one species amongst many, and that because we are part of an ecosystem, any actions which negatively affect the living systems of which we are a part, adversely affect us as well, whether or not we maintain a biocentric worldview. Biocentrists believe that all species have inherent value, and that humans are not “superior” in a moral or ethical sense. Paul Taylor, one of the major early proponents of biocentrism, maintains that biocentrism is an “attitude of respect for nature”, whereby one attempts to make an effort to live one’ s life in a way that respects the welfare and inherent worth of all living creatures. Taylor states that:
生物中心论者认为，自然的存在不仅仅是被人类利用和消费，他们认为人类只不过是众多物种之一。由于我们是生态系统的一部分，任何对我们所处生态系统产生负面影响的行为，无论我们是否秉持生物中心主义的世界观，同样会对我们自身造成不利影响。生物中心论者认为，所有物种都具有内在价值，并且，无论从道德还是伦理意义上讲，人类并不比其他生物 “高级”。保罗 泰勒是早期生物中心论倡导者之一，坚信生物中心论是 “对自然敬畏的态度”，因此人类应该致力于寻求尊重人类自身福利和所有生物的内在价值的生活方式。
Humans are members of a community of life along with all other species, and on equal terms.
人类与其他所有物种一样，都是生命共同体的成员，且处于平等地位。
This community consists of a system of interdependence between all members, both physically, and in terms of relationships with other species.
该共同体由所有成员之间相互依存的系统构成，既包括物理层面，也包括其他物种的关系层面。
Every organism is a “teleological center of life”,that is,each organism has a purpose and a reason for being, which is inherently “good” or “valuable”.
每个有机体都是一个“目的论的生命中心”，即每个有机体都有其存在的目的和理由，其存在本身具有“好的”或“有价值的”。
Humans are not inherently superior to other species.
人类并非天生优于其他物种。
Deep ecology is a contemporary ecological philosophy that recognizes an inherent worth of all living beings, regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs. The philosophy emphasizes the interdependence of organisms within ecosystems and that of ecosystems with each other within the biosphere. It provides a foundation for the environmental, ecology and green movements and has fostered a new system of environmental ethics. Deep ecology’s core principle is the belief that, like humanity, the living environment as a whole has the same right to live and flourish. Deep ecology describes itself as”deep” because it persists in asking deeper questions concerning “why” and “how”and thus is concerned with the fundamental philosophical questions about the impacts of human life as one part of the ecosphere, rather than with a narrow view of ecology as a branch of biological science, and aims to avoid merely anthropocentric environmentalism, which is concerned with conservation of the environment only for exploitation by and for humans purposes, which excludes the fundamental philosophy of deep ecology. Deep ecology seeks a more holistic view of the world humans live in and seeks to apply to life the understanding that separate parts of the ecosystem (including humans) function as a whole.
深层生态学是一种当代生态哲学，它承认所有生命体固有的价值，无论其对人类需求的工具性效用如何。**这一哲学观点强调生态系统物种的互相依赖性，和在生物圈中生态系统间的互相依赖性。**它为环境、生态和绿色运动提供了基础，并培育了新的环境伦理体系。深层生态学的核心原则是相信：与人类一样，整个生存环境同样拥有生存与繁荣的权利。深层生态学自称为“深层”，是因为它坚持追问关于“为什么”和“如何”的更深层问题，关注人类作为生态系统一部分所产生影响的根本哲学命题，而非狭隘地将生态学视为生物科学的分支。该学派致力于避免陷入单纯的人类中心主义环保主义——这种仅关注人类开发目的的环境保护观，恰恰与深层生态学的核心哲学理念相悖。深层生态学致力于构建人类生存环境的全局性认知，并将生态系统各组成部分（包括人类）作为一个整体运作的原理应用于生命科学领域。
In the literature on environmental ethics the distinction between instrumental value and intrinsic value has been of considerable importance. The former is the value of things as means to further some other ends,whereas the latter is the value of things as ends in themselves regardless of whether they are also useful as means to other ends. For instance, certain fruits have instrumental value for bats who feed on them,since feeding on the fruits is a means to survival for the bats. However, it is not widely agreed that fruits have value as ends in themselves. We can likewise think of a person who teaches others as having instrumental value for those who want to acquire knowledge. Yet, in addition to any such value,it is normally said that a person, as a person, has intrinsic value, i.e., value in his or her own right independently of his or her prospects for serving the ends of others. For another example, a certain wild plant may have instrumental value because it provides the ingredients for some medicine or as an aesthetic object for human observers. But if the plant also has some value in itself independently of its prospects for furthering some other ends such as human health, or the pleasure from aesthetic experience, then the plant also has intrinsic value. Because the intrinsically valuable is that which is good as an end in itself,it is commonly agreed that something ‘s possession of intrinsic value generates a prima facie direct moral duty on the part of moral agents to protect it or at least refrain from damaging it.
在环境伦理学领域，工具价值与内在价值的区分始终是重要议题。工具价值指事物作为实现其他目的的手段所具有的价值，而内在价值则指事物本身作为独立目的的价值，无论其是否也能作为实现其他目的的手段。例如，某些水果对以它们为食的蝙蝠具有工具价值，因为以水果为食是蝙蝠生存的手段。然而，学界普遍不认同水果本身具有作为独立目的的价值。同理，我们也可以认为，对于渴望获取知识的人来说，教导他人的行为具有工具价值。但除此之外，通常认为人作为个体本身具有内在价值，即其价值独立于能否服务于他人目的而存在。再比如，某种野生植物可能因其提供药物成分或作为人类观赏的美学对象而具有工具价值。但如果该植物本身也具有独立于促进人类健康等其他目的的价值，或是能带来审美体验的愉悦感，那么它同样具有内在价值。由于内在价值的本质在于其作为目的本身的价值，学界普遍认为，当某物具备内在价值时，道德主体便会产生一种初步的直接道德义务，即保护该物或至少避免对其造成损害。
Ecofeminism, a pluralistic, nonhierarchical, relationship-oriented philosophy that suggests how humans could reconceive themselves and their relationships to nature in nondominating ways, is proposed as an alternative to patriarchal systems of domination. It is concerned not so much with rights, obligations, ownership, and responsibilities as with care, appropriate reciprocity, and kinship. This worldview promotes a richly textured understanding or sense of what human life is and how this understanding can shape people’s encounters with the natural world. According to ecofeminist philosophy, when people see themselves as related to others and to nature, they will see life as bounty rather than scarcity, as cooperation rather than isolated egos. Ecofeminists reject the view of a single, ahistoric, context-free, neutral observation stance. Instead, they favor multiple understandings, context relationships, and “embodied objectivity”.
生态女性主义作为一种多元、非等级、关系导向的哲学体系，主张人类应以非支配性方式重新认知自身及其与自然的关系，以此替代父权制的支配体系。该理论更关注关怀、恰当的互惠与亲属关系，而非权利、义务、所有权和责任。这种世界观倡导对人类生命本质的丰富理解，并强调这种认知如何塑造人们与自然界的互动方式。**生态女性主义哲学认为，当人们认为自己与他人及自然有联系和互动时，他们便可以感受到生命的慷慨而非匮乏，感受到和谐共存而非独立自我。**生态女性主义者反对单一、非历史的、脱离语境的中立观察立场，主张多元理解、语境关联以及“具身客观性”。
Environmental racism is inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race. Evidence of environmental racism can be seen in lead poisoning in children. The Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry considers lead poisoning to be the number one environmental health problem for children in the United States. Some 4 million children-many of whom are African American, Latino, Native American, or Asian, and most of whom live in inner-city areas-have dangerously high levels of lead in the house paint, contaminated drinking water from lead pipes or lead solder, and soil polluted by industrial efluents and automobile exhaust. The evidence of racism is that at every income level, whether rich or poor, black children are two to three times more likely than whites to suffer from lead poisoning.
环境种族主义是指基于种族差异不公正地分配环境危害。儿童铅中毒现象就是环境种族主义的典型例证。美国联邦有毒物质与疾病登记局将铅中毒列为美国儿童面临的首要环境健康问题。约400万儿童——其中多数是非裔美国人、拉丁裔、美洲原住民或亚裔，且绝大多数居住在城市中心区域——因房屋油漆、铅管或铅焊料污染的饮用水、工业废水及汽车尾气污染的土壤，体内铅含量处于危险水平。种族主义的证据在于：无论贫富阶层，黑人儿童遭受铅中毒的风险是白人儿童的2至3倍。
New Words and Expressions
| 单词 | 词性 | 音标 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| acquire | v. | [ə’kwaɪə(r)] | 获得，取得，学到 |
| adversely | adv. | [əd’vɜ:sli] | 逆地，反对地；不利地，有害地 |
| ahistoric | a. | [ˌeɪhɪ’stɒrɪk] | 无历史记载的 |
| aesthetic | a. | [i:s’θetɪk] | 美的，美学的；审美的 |
| anthropocentric | a. | [ˌænθrəpə’sentrɪk] | 人类中心说的 |
| articulate | v. | [ɑ:’tɪkjuleɪt] | 清晰地发 (音); 言语表达 |
| assign | v. | [ə’saɪn] | 分派，选派，分配；归于，归属 |
| biocentrism | n. | [ˌbaɪəʊ’sentrɪzəm] | 生物中心论 |
| biosphere | n. | [‘baɪəsfɪə(r)] | 生物圈，生物界，生物层 |
| consequence | n. | [‘kɒnsɪkwəns] | 结果，成果；[逻] 结论；重要性 |
| considerable | a. | [kən’sɪdərəbl] | 相当大 (或多) 的；相当数量的 |
| contaminate | v. | [kən’tæmɪneɪt] | 弄脏，污染；损害，毒害 |
| contemporary | a. | [kən’temprəri] | 当代的，现代的；同时代的 |
| core | n. | [kɔ:(r)] | 中心，核心，精髓 |
| desensitize | v. | [ˌdi:’sensətaɪz] | 减少感光性，使不敏感 |
| devastation | n. | [ˌdevə’steɪʃn] | 毁坏，荒废 |
| ecofeminism | n. | [ˌi:kəʊ’femɪnɪzəm] | 生态女性主义 |
| ecology | n. | [i:’kɒlədʒi] | 生态学，社会生态学 |
| ecosphere | n. | [‘i:kəʊsfɪə] | 生物圈，生态层 |
| ecosystem | n. | [‘i:kəʊsɪstəm] | 生态系统 |
| effluent | n. | [‘efluənt] | (注入河里的) 污水，工业废水 |
| ego | n. | [‘i:gəʊ] | 自我，自负，自尊心，自我意识 |
| embody | v. | [ɪm’bɒdi] | 表现，象征；包含 |
| essentially | adv. | [ɪ’senʃəli] | 本质上，根本上，本来 |
| ethical | a. | [‘eθɪkl] | 伦理学的，道德的，伦理的 |
| flourish | v. | [‘flʌrɪʃ] | 茂盛，繁荣；活跃，蓬勃；挥舞 |
| foster | v. | [‘fɒstə(r)] | 培养，抚育；促进；代养 |
| holistic | a. | [həʊ’lɪstɪk] | 全盘的，整体的；功能整体性的 |
| impact | n. | [‘ɪmpækt] | 碰撞，冲击；影响；冲击力 |
| ingredient | n. | [ɪn’gri:diənt] | (构成) 要素；(烹调) 原料 |
| inherent | a. | [ɪn’hɪərənt] | 固有的，内在的，天生的 |
| intrinsic | a. | [ɪn’trɪnsɪk] | 内在的，本质的 |
| justified | a. | [‘dʒʌstɪfaɪd] | 有正当理由的，合理的 |
| kinship | n. | [‘kɪnʃɪp] | 亲属关系 |
| merely | adv. | [‘mɪəli] | 仅仅，只不过，只是 |
| negatively | adv. | [‘negətɪvli] | 否定地，消极地，负地 |
| nonhierarchical | a. | [ˌnɒnˌhaɪə’rɑ:kɪkl] | 无级的 |
| patriarchal | a. | [ˌpeɪtri’ɑ:kl] | 家长的，族长的；父权的 |
| persist | v. | [pə’sɪst] | 坚持，固执；存留；继续存在 |
| pluralistic | a. | [ˌplʊərə’lɪstɪk] | 兼职的；多元论的，多元化的 |
| prima facie | a. | [ˌpraɪmə ‘feɪʃə] | 乍看的，据初步印象的 |
| proponent | n. | [prə’pəʊnənt] | 支持者，拥护者，提倡者 |
| racism | n. | [‘reɪsɪzəm] | 种族主义，种族偏见 |
| reciprocity | n. | [ˌresɪ’prɒsəti] | 相互性，相互作用；互给；互惠 |
| reconceive | v. | [ˌri:kən’si:v] | 重构 |
| registry | n. | [‘redʒɪstri] | 记录，登记；登记处 |
| scarcity | n. | [‘skeəsəti] | 不足，缺乏，稀少 |
| superior | a. | [su:ˈpɪəriə(r)] | (级别、地位) 较高的；(在质量等方面) 较好的；上等的 |
| survival | n. | [sə’vaɪvl] | 幸存，生存；幸存者 |
| sustainable | a. | [sə’steɪnəbl] | 可持续的；可以忍受的；可支撑的 |
| teleological | a. | [ˌti:liə’lɒdʒɪkl] | 目的论的 |
| texture | n. | [‘tekstʃə(r)] | 质地，结构，本质 |
| toxic | a. | [‘tɒksɪk] | 有毒的，中毒的；因中毒引起的 |
| 短语 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| assign….to | 指定，分配给，归因于 |
| in… sense | 从…… 意义上说 |
| at the expense of | 以…… 为代价 |
| from…standpoint | 从…… 角度，从…… 观点看 |
| attempt to | 尝试，企图；试图做某事 |
| along with | 和…… 一起，随着 |
| in terms of | 用…… 的话，就…… 而言 |
| regardless of | 不管，无论 |
| aim to | 旨在，打算，目的 |
| refrain from | 忍住，制止，控制，克制不要 |
Exercises
I. Give brief answers to the following questions.
- How does anthropocentric perspective interpret the relationship between human beings and non human beings?
- What is the key point of biocentrism?
- Why is the”deep ecology”philosophy deep?
- What are the differences between instrumental value and intrinsic value?
- What does “ecofeminism” philosophy denote?
- What does “environmental racism”mean?
II. Complete the following passage by filling each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word using the Chinese in the brackets as the reference.
Ecofeminism, a pluralistic, nonhierarchical, relationship-oriented philosophy that suggests how humans could reconceive themselves and their relationships to nature in nondominating ways, is proposed as an alternative to patriarchal systems of domination(控制). It is concerned not so much with rights, obligations, ownership, and responsibilities(责任) as with care, appropriate(适当的) reciprocity, and kinship. This worldview promotes(促进) a richly textured understanding or sense of what human life is and how this understanding can shape people’s encounters(对抗) with the natural world. According to ecofeminist philosophy, when people see themselves as related to others and to nature, they will see life as bounty rather than scarcity(稀缺),as cooperation rather than isolated(孤立的) egos. Ecofeminists reject(反对) the view of a single, ahistoric, context-free, neutral(中立的) observation stance. Instead, they favor multiple understandings, context relationships, and “embodied objectivity(客观性).”
III. Complete the following sentences with one function word.
- For example, Aristotle maintains that “nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man” and that the value of nonhuman things in nature is merely instrumental.
- Such destruction might damage the well-being of human beings now and in the future, since our well-being is essentially dependent on a sustainable environment.
- Humans are members of a community of life along with all other species, and on equal terms.
- Humans are not inherently superior to other species.
- However, it is not widely agreed that fruits have value as ends in themselves.
- Toxic Substances and Disease Registry considers lead poisoning to be the number one environmental health problem for children in the United States.
VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
Biocentrism states that nature does not exist simply to be used or consumed by humans, but that humans are simply one species amongst many, and that because we are part of an ecosystem, any actions which negatively affect the living systems of which we are a part, adversely affect us as well, whether or not we maintain a biocentric worldview. Biocentrists believe that all species have inherent value, and that humans are not “superior” in a moral or ethical sense. Paul Taylor, one of the major early proponents of biocentrism, maintains that biocentrism is an “attitude of respect for nature”, whereby one attempts to make an effort to live one’s life in a way that respects the welfare and inherent worth of all living creatures.
生物中心论者认为，自然的存在不仅仅是被人类利用和消费，他们认为人类只不过是众多物种之一。正因为我们是这个生态系统的一部分，我们自身任何能够破坏我们生存体系的行为，也可以对我们产生坏的影响。无论我们是否是生物中心论者，事实就是如此。生物中心论者认为，所有物种都具有内在价值，并且，无论从道德还是伦理意义上讲，人类并不比其他生物 “高级”。保罗 泰勒是早期生物中心论倡导者之一，坚信生物中心论是 “对自然敬畏的态度”，因此人类应该致力于寻求尊重人类自身福利和所有生物的内在价值的生活方式。
Unit Seven Health
Part One Reading and Translating
Reading A: New Study Claims to Find Genetic Link Between Creativity and Mental Illness
新研究声称发现创造力与精神疾病之间的遗传关联
Results imply creative people are 25% more likely to carry genes that raise risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. But others argue the evidence is flimsy.
研究结果表明，富有创造力的人携带双相情感障碍和精神分裂症风险基因的可能性高出25%。但也有观点认为该证据并不充分。
The ancient Greeks were first to make the point. Shakespeare raised the prospect too. But Lord Byron was, perhaps, the most direct of them all: “We of the craft are all crazy,” he told the Countess of Blessington, casting a wary eye over his fellow poets.
古希腊人最早提出这个观点，莎士比亚也提及过类似设想。但拜伦勋爵或许是最直白的：他向贝灵顿伯爵夫人坦言，‘我们这些搞创作的都疯了’，眼里流露出对同僚诗人的戒备。
The notion of the tortured artist is a stubborn meme. Creativity, it states（创造力的产生）, is fuelled by the demons that artists wrestle in their darkest hours. The idea is fanciful to many scientists. But a new study claims the link may be well-founded after all, and written into the twisted molecules of our DNA.
‘受折磨艺术家’这一概念是根深蒂固的迷因。该理论声称，创造力源于艺术家在最黑暗时刻与恶魔搏斗的过程。这一观点在许多科学家看来纯属天方夜谭。但最新研究指出，这种关联或许确有其理，甚至可能深植于我们DNA的扭曲分子之中。
In a large study published on Monday, scientists in Iceland report that genetic factors that raise the risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are found more often in people in creative professions. Painters, musicians, writers and dancers were, on average, 25% more likely to carry the gene variants than professions the scientists judged to be less creative, among which were farmers, manual labourers and salespeople.
在周一发表的一项大型研究中，冰岛科学家报告称，增加双相情感障碍和精神分裂症风险的遗传因素，在从事创造性职业的人群中更为常见，平均而言，画家、音乐家、作家和舞者携带这些基因变异的概率，比科学家认为创造力较低的职业（包括农民、体力劳动者和销售人员）高出25%。
Kari Stefansson, founder and CEO of deCODE, a genetics company based in Reykjavik, said the findings, described in the journal Nature Neuroscience, point to a common biology for some mental disorders and creativity. “To be creative, you have to think differently,” he told the Guardian. “And when we are different, we have a tendency to be labelled strange, crazy and even insane.”
雷克雅未克基因公司deCODE的创始人兼首席执行官Kari Stefansson表示，《自然神经科学》期刊发表的研究结果揭示了某些精神障碍与创造力之间存在共同的生物学基础。他向《卫报》解释道：“要具备创造力，就必须采用不同的思维方式。而当我们与众不同时，往往会被贴上怪异、疯狂甚至精神失常的标签。”
The scientists drew on genetic and medical information from 86,000 Icelanders to find genetic variants that doubled the average risk of schizophrenia, and raised the risk of bipolar disorder by more than a third. When they looked at how common these variants were in members of national arts societies, they found a 17% increase compared with non-members.
科学家通过对八万六千个冰岛人的基因和医疗信息分析，发现基因变异会使患精神分裂的风险加倍并且使患躁郁症的风险增加三分之一。当他们分析这些变异在国家艺术协会成员中的常见程度时，发现与非成员相比增加了17%。
The researchers went on to check their findings in large medical databases held in the Netherlands and Sweden. Among these 35,000 people, those deemed to be creative (by profession or through answers to a questionnaire) were nearly 25% more likely to carry the mental disorder variants.
研究人员随后在荷兰和瑞典的大型医学数据库中验证了其发现。在这35,000人中，被判定为具有创造力者（通过职业或问卷回答确定）携带精神障碍变异基因的可能性高出近25%。
Stefansson believes that scores of genes increase the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These may alter the ways in which many people think, but in most people do nothing very harmful. But for 1% of the population, genetic factors, life experiences and other influences can culminate in problems, and a diagnosis of mental illness.
斯蒂芬森教授认为大量的基因会增加患精神分裂症和躁郁症的风险。这可能会改变人们思考问题的方式，不会有什么坏处。但对于1%的人群而言，遗传因素、生活经历及其他影响因素可能共同导致问题，并最终被诊断为精神疾病。
“Often, when people are creating something new, they end up straddling between sanity and insanity,” said Stefansson. “I think these results support the old concept of the mad genius. Creativity is a quality that has given us Mozart, Bach, Van Gogh. It’s a quality that is very important for our society. But it comes at a risk to the individual, and 1% of the population pays the price for it.”
斯特凡松指出：“人们在创造新事物时，往往徘徊理智与疯狂的边缘。这些研究结果印证了‘疯狂天才’这一古老概念。创造力是孕育莫扎特、巴赫和梵高等艺术巨匠的特质，对社会至关重要。但这种特质也使个体面临风险，最终有1%的人群为此付出代价。”
Stefansson concedes that his study found only a weak link between the genetic variants for mental illness and creativity. And it is this that other scientists pick up on. The genetic factors that raise the risk of mental problems explained only about 0.25% of the variation in peoples’ artistic ability, the study found. David Cutler, a geneticist at Emory University in Atlanta, puts that number in perspective: “If the distance between me, the least artistic person you are going to meet, and an actual artist is one mile, these variants appear to collectively explain 13 feet of the distance,” he said.
斯特凡松承认，他的研究仅发现精神疾病遗传变异与创造力之间存在微弱关联。这一发现被其他科学家所采纳。研究显示，导致精神问题风险增加的遗传因素仅能解释约0.25%的个体艺术能力差异。亚特兰大埃默里大学遗传学家大卫·卡特勒对此数据进行了形象说明：“假设我这个最缺乏艺术天赋的人与真正艺术家之间的距离为一英里，那么这些遗传变异似乎共同解释了其中13英尺的距离。”
Most of the artist’s creative flair, then, is down to different genetic factors, or to other influences altogether, such as life experiences, that set them on their creative journey.
大多数艺术家的创造力天赋来源于基因或其他诸如生活经历等各种因素的影响。这开启了他们的创造之旅。
For Stefansson, even a small overlap between the biology of mental illness and creativity is fascinating. “It means that a lot of the good things we get in life, through creativity, come at a price. It tells me that when it comes to our biology, we have to understand that everything is in some way good and in some way bad,” he said.
斯蒂芬森教授认为即使精神疾病和创造力之间联系很小，这一发现也是吸引人的。他说：“这意味着在生活中，我们通过创造力获得美好的事物的同时，也是要付出代价的。这告诉我们，当谈及生物学时，我们应当明白其积极面和消极面。”
But Albert Rothenberg, professor of psychiatry at Harvard University is not convinced. He believes that there is no good evidence for a link between mental illness and creativity. “It’s the romantic notion of the 19th century, that the artist is the struggler, aberrant from society, and wrestling with inner demons,” he said. “But take Van Gogh. He just happened to be mentally ill as well as creative. For me, the reverse is more interesting: creative people are generally not mentally ill, but they use thought processes that are of course creative and different.”
但是美国哈佛大学精神病学专家罗滕伯格教授不相信这一事实，他认为没有合适的证据可以证实精神疾病和创造力之间的联系。他说：“艺术家是社会中的斗争者，他们偏离常规，总是和内心的恶魔做斗争，这是十九世纪以来浪漫主义的观点。以艺术家梵高为例，他碰巧患有精神疾病又极富创造力。对我来说，这件事的对立面更有意思：有创造力的人通常不是有精神疾病，而他们的思考过程当然是与众不同的。”
If Van Gogh’s illness was a blessing, the artist certainly failed to see it that way. In one of his last letters, he voiced his dismay at the disorder he fought for so much of his life: “Oh, if I could have worked without this accursed disease—what things I might have done.”
如果说梵高的病痛是种恩赐，这位艺术家却始终未能如此看待。在临终信中，他痛心疾首地诉说那困扰他毕生的疾病：‘唉，若能摆脱这该死的病痛，我该创造多少奇迹啊！’
In 2014, Rothenberg published a book, Flight of Wonder: an investigation of scientific creativity, in which he interviewed 45 science Nobel laureates about their creative strategies. He found no evidence of mental illness in any of them. He suspects that studies which find links between creativity and mental illness might be picking up on something rather different.
2014年，罗滕伯格（Rothenberg）出版了《奇迹的飞翔：科学创造力探究》一书，书中他采访了45位诺贝尔科学奖得主，探讨其创造性策略。研究未发现任何精神疾病证据。他推测，那些发现创造力与精神疾病之间关联的研究可能捕捉到了截然不同的现象。
“The problem is that the criteria for being creative is never anything very creative. Belonging to an artistic society, or working in art or literature, does not prove a person is creative. But the fact is that many people who have mental illness do try to work in jobs that have to do with art and literature, not because they are good at it, but because they’re attracted to it. And that can skew the data,” he said. “Nearly all mental hospitals use art therapy, and so when patients come out, many are attracted to artistic positions and artistic pursuits.”
问题在于，所谓创造力的标准从来都不够高。加入艺术团体，或从事艺术与文学工作，并不能证明一个人有创造力。**但是事实上，许多患有精神病的人尝试从事艺术和文学方面的工作，不是因为他们擅长做这些工作而是因为他们被其吸引。**这可能导致数据失真，”他指出。“几乎所有精神病院均采用艺术治疗，因此患者出院后往往倾向于从事艺术相关职业或追求艺术活动。”
New Words and Expressions
| 单词 | 词性 | 音标 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| aberrant | a. | [ə’berənt] | 异常的，脱离常轨的 |
| accursed | a. | [ə’kɜ:sɪd; ə’kɜ:st] | 被诅咒的，讨厌的，可憎的 |
| bipolar | a. | [ˌbaɪˈpəʊlə(r)] | 两极的 |
| concede | v. | [kən’si:d] | 承认 |
| creativity | n. | [ˌkri:eɪˈtɪvəti] | 创造力，创造性 |
| culminate | v. | [‘kʌlmɪneɪt] | 达到高潮 |
| deem | v. | [di:m] | 认为，视作 |
| diagnosis | n. | [ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs] | 诊断 |
| dismay | n. | [dɪsˈmeɪ] | 沮丧，灰心 |
| disorder | n. | [dɪsˈɔ:də(r)] | 紊乱，失调 |
| fanciful | a. | [ˈfænsɪfl] | 想象出来的，虚构的 |
| flair | n. | [fleə(r)] | 天资，天分 |
| flimsy | a. | [‘flɪmzi] | 不足的，不足信的 |
| insane | a. | [ɪnˈseɪn] | 疯狂的，精神病的 |
| laureate | n. | [ˈlɔ:riət; ˈləʊriət] | 获得荣誉者，获奖者 |
| meme | n. | [mi:m] | 文化基因 |
| molecule | n. | [ˈmɒlɪkju:l] | 分子 |
| overlap | n. | [ˈəʊvəlæp] | 重叠，重复 |
| psychiatry | n. | [saɪˈkaɪətri] | 精神病学 |
| reverse | n. | [rɪˈvɜ:s] | 相反，反面 |
| schizophrenia | n. | [ˌskɪtsəˈfri:niə] | 精神分裂症 |
| skew | v. | [skju:] | 曲解，歪曲 |
| straddle | v. | [ˈstrædl] | 跨越 (不同时期、群体或领域) |
| struggler | n. | [ˈstrʌglə(r)] | 奋斗者，斗争者 |
| stubborn | a. | [ˈstʌbən] | 顽固的 |
| therapy | n. | [ˈθerəpi] | 治疗，疗法 |
| torture | v. | [ˈtɔ:tʃə(r)] | 折磨 |
| wary | a. | [ˈweəri] | 谨慎的，小心的 |
| wrestle | v. | [ˈresl] | 斗争，搏斗 |
| variant | n. | [ˈveəriənt] | 变体，变种 |
| 短语 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| cast an eye over sth. | 粗略地看一下；匆匆地看 |
| on average | 平均 |
| draw on | 利用 |
| culminate in | (以某种结果) 告终；(在某一点) 结束 |
| end up | 结束 |
| pick up on | 领略，意识到 |
| come at a price | 付出代价 |
| happen to | 偶然发生 |
Exercises
I. Give brief answers to the following questions.
- Illustrate some ancient notions about artists and creativity.
- What do scientists in Iceland report about the relationship between creativity and mental illness?
- What does Stefansson think of the small overlap between the biology of mental illness and creativity?
- What are the artists like according to the romantic notion of the 19th century?
- What are Rothenberg’s findings after interviewing 45 science Nobel laureates about their creative strategies?
- What can be the reasons for the link between mental illness and artistic pursuits?
II. Complete the following passage by filling each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word using the Chinese in the brackets as the reference.
Stefansson believes that scores of genes(基因) increase the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These may alter(改变) the ways in which many people think, but in most people do nothing very harmful. But for 1% of the population, genetic factors, life experiences and other influences can culminate(达到高潮) in problems, and a diagnosis(诊断) of mental(精神的) illness.
“Often, when people are creating something new, they end up straddling(跨越) between sanity and insanity,”said Stefansson. “I think these results support(支持) the old concept of the mad genius. Creativity(创造力) is a quality that has given us Mozart,Bach, Van Gogh.It’s a quality that is very important for our society. But it comes at a risk(危险) to the individual, and 1% of the population(人口) pays the price for it.”
III. Complete the following sentences with one function word.
- But Lord Byron was, perhaps, the most direct of them all: “We of the craft are all crazy,” he told the Countess of Blessington, casting a wary eye over his fellow poets.
- The scientists drew on genetic and medical information from 86,000 Icelanders to find genetic variants that doubled the average risk of schizophrenia, and raised the risk of bipolar disorder by more than a third.
- These may alter the ways in which many people think, but in most people do nothing very harmful.
- But it comes at a risk to the individual, and 1% of the population pays the price for it.
- Most of the artist’s creative flair, then, is down to different genetic factors, or to other influences altogether, such as life experiences, that set them on their creative journey.
- He just happened to be mentally ill as well as creative.
VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
For Stefansson, even a small overlap between the biology of mental illness and creativity is fascinating.”It means that a lot of the good things we get in life, through creativity, come at a price. It tells me that when it comes to our biology, we have to understand that everything is in some way good and in some way bad,” he said.
斯蒂芬森教授认为即使精神疾病和创造力之间联系很小，这一发现也是吸引人的。他说：“这意味着在生活中，我们获得美好的事物的同时，也是要付出代价的。这告诉我们，当谈及生物学时，我们应当明白其积极面和消极面。”
But Albert Rothenberg, professor of psychiatry at Harvard University is not convinced. He believes that there is no good evidence for a link between mental illness and creativity. “It’s the romantic notion of the 19th century, that the artist is the struggler, aberrant from society, and wrestling with inner demons,” he said. “But take Van Gogh. He just happened to be mentally ill as well as creative. For me, the reverse is more interesting: creative people are generally not mentally ill, but they use thought processes that are of course creative and different.”
但是美国哈佛大学精神病学专家罗滕伯格教授不相信这一事实，他认为没有合适的证据可以证实精神疾病和创造力之间的联系。他说：“艺术家是社会中的斗争者，他们偏离常规，总是和内心的恶魔做斗争，这是十九世纪以来浪漫主义的观点。以艺术家梵高为例，他碰巧患有精神疾病又极富创造力。对我来说，这件事的对立面更有意思：有创造力的人不是有精神疾病，而他们的思考过程当然是与众不同的。”
Unit Nine Education
Part One Reading and Translating
Reading A: Liberal Education at Harvard in This New Century
新世纪的哈佛大学通识教育（博雅教育）
Liberal education is what remains after you have forgotten the facts that were first learned while becoming educated. This view is especially comforting to professors of a certain age who forget even where they place their glasses but, at Harvard, it has long been influential. Harvard philosopher Alfred North Whitehead put it articulately in an essay first published in 1922. The “really useful training,” Whitehead argued, focuses on “general principles.” One result is that “in subsequent practice the men will have forgotten your particular details; but they will remember by an unconscious common sense how to apply principles to immediate circumstances.
**通识教育是忘掉自己最初受教育时学到的事实后剩下的东西。这种观点使上了年纪的教授们尤其欣慰，他们连眼镜放在哪里都想不起来，但是在哈佛，这种观点的影响力由来已久。**哈佛大学哲学家阿尔弗雷德·诺斯·怀特海在1922年首次发表的一篇论文中清晰的表达了这一观点。怀特海认为，“真正有效的训练”应聚焦于“通用原则”。其结果是：“在后续实践中，人们会遗忘你提供的具体细节；但他们将通过无意识的常识记忆如何将原则应用于具体情境。”
This general view has been a foundation stone of the Harvard College curriculum since President Charles William Eliot introduced the elective system to replace a curriculum of prescribed courses. It is the often-unacknowledged foundation stone of the Core Curriculum, which focuses on “approaches to knowledge” or “modes of thought.” It remains a sound basis on which to construct the Harvard College curriculum today.
这一总体框架自查尔斯·威廉·埃利奥特校长引入 选修制取代规定课程体系以来，便成为哈佛学院课程体系的基石。它虽常被忽视，实则是核心课程体系的根基，该体系着重培养‘知识获取途径’或‘思维模式’。 时至今日，它仍是构建哈佛学院课程体系的坚实基础。
In this essay, I focus only on that portion of a liberal education that can be called “general education,” that is, the portion of an undergraduate’s time in College spent outside a major or concentration but in some way constrained by some requirements (i.e., not pure electives). A curriculum must be built on courses, and to these I turn first.
本文聚焦于博雅教育中课被称为通识教育的核心范畴——即本科生在校期间虽不专攻特定专业或方向，但需满足一定课程要求（非纯选修课）的阶段。课程体系必须以必修课为基础，我将首先探讨这些必修课。
Harvard College liberal-education courses in a general education program ought to meet four key criteria. The first is that they should foster discernment. Students in such courses should perceive the aesthetic world of the arts and letters; apprehend fundamental ideas, methods, and principles underlying the sciences; recognize and analyze distinctive aspects of social behavior in our world and its past; and be capable of rendering acute judgments and making ethical decisions. Discernment in our century cannot be limited to learning just about the United States or the North Atlantic countries. Our students will live in a world of increasing cosmopolitan experiences and interconnectedness.
哈佛大学通识教育课程应满足四个关键标准。首要标准是培养学生的辨识力。**学习这些课程的学生应该能够感知文学艺术之美；能够理解这些科学的基本思想、方法及原则；能够辨析古往今来社会中人们行事的突出特征；还能做出敏锐的判断以及合乎伦理的决策。**本世纪的鉴赏力不应局限于对美国或北大西洋国家的了解。我们的学生将生活在一个日益多元化的世界，经历着不断加深的全球互联。
The second criterion is that these courses should develop creativity. Students should learn to transcend traditional ideas, patterns, and relationships in order to fashion new ones thoughtfully. Professors should encourage originality, exploration, and discovery within and across scholarly disciplines, unafraid to present material that might even seem contradictory. To quote Whitehead, the “justification for a university” requires the “imaginative consideration of learning.”
第二个标准是，这些课程应注重培养学生的创造力。**学生应该学会超越传统的思想、模式和关系，以便在深思熟虑的情况下形成新的思想、模式和关系。教授应该鼓励本学科及跨学科的创新、探索和发现，大胆推出哪怕是可能引起争议的素材。**引用怀特海的观点，“大学存在的正当性”需要“对学习的创造性思考”。
Thirdly, such courses should construct and propel the communicative skills of our students. This notion is one of the key features of the penultimate comprehensive review of the College’s curriculum in 1945, which sought to make our students capable “to communicate thought.” For many disciplines in the physical, life, and behavioral sciences, “thought” is often communicated most effectively through mathematics or statistics. For all disciplines, communication characteristically requires the capacity to write and to speak with some eloquence. In many instances, a language other than the one first learned is an essential to communicate in the cosmopolitan world into whose membership our students should aspire.
第三，这类课程应当着力培养学生的沟通能力。这一理念是1945年学院课程体系末次全面评估的核心特征之一，该评估旨在使学生具备“思想表达能力”。 对于物理、生命科学和行为科学等众多学科而言，“思想”往往通过数学或统计学手段得以最有效传递。所有学科的交流都必然要求具备写作能力和口才。在当今这个国际化的世界中，学生应当努力融入其中，而掌握一门不同于最初学习的语言，正是实现有效沟通的关键所在。
Finally, general-education courses should be accessible to undergraduates who approach them with varying levels of preparation. The criterion of access leads many colleges to emphasize survey courses. One way to read the one-phrase course labels of possibly new Harvard College Courses that appear in A Report on the Harvard College Curricular Review (2004) is that many will, indeed, be survey courses. But that is not, of course, the only way to make courses accessible to undergraduates who have not studied a subject before. An alternative is to teach highly specialized courses to beginners; the professor can do so, however, only if the course has been designed to entice, inform, motivate, and empower the student to proceed expeditiously and within one semester from ignorance to mastery. This may be what Whitehead may have meant by his second “educational commandment,” namely, “What you teach, teach thoroughly.
最后，通识教育课程应当对不同基础水平的本科生开放。由于准入门槛的考量，许多高校都倾向于开设概论课程。从《哈佛大学课程审查报告》（2004年）中可能出现的哈佛大学新课程标签来看，这些课程很可能都是概论性质的。当然，这并非让零基础学生也能轻松接触课程的唯一途径。**另一个办法是给初学者上极其专业的课程。但是，只有这门课程设计得可以吸引、告知、激励并授权学生在一学期内突飞猛进，从无知到掌握，教授就可以做到这一点。**这或许正是怀特海所指的第二条“教育诫命”，即“所教内容，务必讲透”。
This approach to thinking about courses and the curriculum that follows from it has a number of practical consequences. It makes it unlikely that a good design would be a simple “distributional requirement” scheme that clumps courses into humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and physical sciences. Yes, that is a common design throughout much of higher education in the United States, and it has the advantage of simplicity. It disregards, however, the full dimensions of the criterion of discernment. It takes no explicit steps to develop communicative skills. It is at best agnostic on whether creativity would be fostered. It is virtually condemned to rely exclusively on survey courses to meet the criterion of access. It leaves no obvious place for courses to be developed outside disciplinary departments and thus makes curricular and pedagogical innovation either less likely or merely ornamental. It would be better to adopt a more focused system of specific requirements for students to develop better their mental faculties.
这种看待课程的方法和随之形成的课程体系产生了一些实际的结果。证明了一个好的设计不太可能将课程分类为人文科学、社会科学、生命科学和物理科学这样简单的 “分配需求” 方案。没错，那是一个贯穿美国高等教育的普遍设计，好处就是简单易行。然而，这一设计忽视了洞察力标准的全面性，同时也没有采取明确的措施发展沟通技能，创造力是否得到了培养也完全不得而知。事实上，这一设计因为完全依赖概论课程去满足学生的修课需求而备受谴责。该设计没有在学科之外的院系为课程留出明显的空间，因此使得课程和教学改革不太可行或者仅仅是形同虚设。一个更好的方法就是采用一种满足学生具体要求的、更有针对性的体系来使学生的心智更好地得到发展。
New Words and Expressions
| 单词 | 词性 | 音标 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| aesthetic | a. | [i:s’θetɪk; es-] | 美学的，审美的 |
| agnostic | a. | [æg’nɒstɪk] | 不可知论的 |
| apprehend | v. | [ˌæpri’hend] | 领会，理解 |
| articulately | ad. | [a:’tɪkjələtli, a:’tɪkjuleɪtli] | 清晰明白地 |
| aspire | v. | [ə’spaɪə] | 渴望，立志 |
| clump | v. | [klʌmp] | 成群，结块 |
| commandment | n. | [kə’mɑ:ndmənt] | 戒律 |
| condemn | v. | [kən’dem] | 谴责，声讨 |
| contradictory | a. | [ˌkɒntrə’dɪktəri] | 矛盾的，反对的 |
| cosmopolitan | a. | [ˌkɒzmə’pɒlɪtən] | 世界性的，世界主义的 |
| criterion | n. | [kraɪ’tɪəriən] | 标准 |
| curriculum | n. | [kə’rɪkjʊləm] | 课程，总课程 |
| discernment | n. | [dɪ’s3:nmənt] | 识别，洞察力 |
| disregard | v. | [ˌdɪsrɪ’gɑ:d] | 忽视，不理 |
| distinctive | a. | [dɪ’stɪŋktɪv] | 有特色的，与众不同的 |
| eloquence | n. | [‘eləkwəns] | 口才，雄辩 |
| empower | v. | [ɪm’paʊə; em-] | 授权 |
| entice | v. | [ɪn’taɪs; en-] | 诱使，怂恿 |
| ethical | a. | [‘eθɪkl] | 伦理的，道德的 |
| expeditiously | ad. | [ˌekspə’dɪʃəsli] | 迅速地，便捷地 |
| explicit | a. | [ɪk’splɪsɪt; ek-] | 明确的，清楚的 |
| fashion | v. | [‘fæʃn] | 形成，制作 |
| foster | v. | [‘fɒstə] | 培养，养育 |
| influential | a. | [ˌɪnflu’enʃl] | 有影响的，有势力的 |
| originality | n. | [əˌrɪdʒɪ’næləti] | 创意，独创性 |
| ornamental | a. | [ˌɔ:nə’mentl] | 装饰性的 |
| pedagogical | a. | [ˌpedə’gɒdʒɪkl] | 教育学的，教学法的 |
| penultimate | a. | [pɪ’nʌltɪmət] | 倒数第二的 |
| perceive | v. | [pə’si:v] | 感知，察觉 |
| principle | n. | [‘prɪnsəpl] | 原理，原则 |
| propel | v. | [prə’pel] | 推进，驱使 |
| render | v. | [‘rendə] | 实施，致使 |
| scheme | n. | [ski:m] | 计划，方案 |
| subsequent | a. | [‘sʌbsɪkwənt] | 后来的，随后的 |
| transcend | v. | [træn’send; trɑ:n-] | 胜过，超越 |
| unconscious | a. | [ʌn’kɒnʃəs] | 无意识的，失去知觉的 |
| 短语 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| apply…to | 将…… 应用于 |
| lead to | 导致 |
| be limited to | 局限于 |
| be accessible to | 对…… 来说容易获得的 |
| seek to | 试图，设法 |
| at best | 最多 |
| other than | 而不是 |
| take steps | 采取措施 |
Exercises
I. Give brief answers to the following questions.
- What is liberal education?
- What did Whitehead argue about liberal education?
- According to Jorge I. Dominguez, what does “general education” refer to?
- What are the four key criteria Harvard College liberal-education courses in a general education program ought to meet?
- What capacity is required for all disciplines as far as communicative skills are concerned?
- What does “distributional requirement” mean? What advantage does it have?
II. Complete the following passage by filling each of the numbered blanks with one or two suitable words using the Chinese in the brackets as the reference.
This approach to thinking about courses and the curriculum that follows from it has a number of practical consequences(后果).It makes it unlikely that a good design would be a simple “distributional requirement” scheme(组合) that clumps courses into humanities, social sciences, **life sciences(生命科学),**and physical sciences. Yes, that is a common design throughout much of higher education in the United States, and it has the advantage of simplicity(简易).It disregards, however, the full dimensions of the criterion(标准) of discernment. It takes no explicit steps to develop communicative skills. It is at best agnostic on whether creativity(创造力) would be fostered. It is virtually condemned to rely exclusively on survey courses(概论课程) to meet the criterion of access. It leaves no obvious place for courses to be developed outside disciplinary(学科的) departments and thus makes curricular and pedagogical innovation(创新) either less likely or merely ornamental. It would be better to adopt(采用) a more focused system of specific requirements for students to develop better their mental faculties.
III. Complete the following sentences with one function word.
- They will remember by an unconscious common sense how to apply principles to immediate circumstances.
- It remains a sound basis on which to construct the Harvard College curriculum today.
- Students in such courses should be capable of rendering acute judgments and making ethical decisions.
- Professors should encourage originality, exploration, and discovery within and across scholarly disciplines, unafraid to present material that might even seem contradictory.
- In many instances, a language other than the one first learned is an essential to communicate in the cosmopolitan world into whose membership our students should aspire.
- It makes it unlikely that a good design would be a simple “distributional requirement” scheme that clumps courses into humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and physical sciences.
VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
This approach to thinking about courses and the curriculum that follows from it has a number of practical consequences. It makes it unlikely that a good design would be a simple “distributional requirement” scheme that clumps courses into humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and physical sciences. Yes, that is a common design throughout much of higher education in the United States, and it has the advantage of simplicity. It disregards, however, the full dimensions of the criterion of discernment. It takes no explicit steps to develop communicative skills. It is at best agnostic on whether creativity would be fostered. It is virtually condemned to rely exclusively on survey courses to meet the criterion of access. It leaves no obvious place for courses to be developed outside disciplinary departments and thus makes curricular and pedagogical innovation either less likely or merely ornamental. It would be better to adopt a more focused system of specific requirements for students to develop better their mental faculties.
这种看待课程的方法和随之形成的课程体系产生了一些实际的结果。证明了一个好的设计不太可能将课程分类为人文科学、社会科学、生命科学和物理科学这样简单的 “分配需求” 方案。没错，那是一个贯穿美国高等教育的普遍设计，好处就是简单易行。然而，这一设计忽视了洞察力标准的全面性，同时也没有采取明确的措施发展沟通技能，创造力是否得到了培养也完全不得而知。事实上，这一设计因为完全依赖概论课程去满足学生的修课需求而备受谴责。该设计没有在学科之外的院系为课程留出明显的空间，因此使得课程和教学改革不太可行或者仅仅是形同虚设。一个更好的方法就是采用一种满足学生具体要求的、更有针对性的体系来使学生的心智更好地得到发展。
Unit Ten Environment
Part One Reading and Translating
Reading A: Businesses Delivering the Most Coveted Perk: a Better Commute
商业
Lisa Palmer
Imagine that, starting tomorrow, half your company’s employees stopped driving to work. The benefits would start accruing almost immediately: less pollution, less real estate needed for parking spaces, improved quality of life and much more. So how do companies do it and, given all these benefits, why aren’t more jumping onboard?
试想，从明天起，公司半数员工停止开车上班。好处立竿见影：污染减少、停车位需求降低、生活质量提升等等。那么企业该如何操作？既然好处多多，为何还没更多人加入呢？
Google - which this week rebranded itself as Alphabet - may not have been the first company to offer shuttles to its employees, but the size and growth of its shuttle program have made it the most prominent, for better or for worse.
本周更名为 Alphabet 的谷歌公司也许并不是最早为员工提供班车接送服务的公司，但是无论怎样，其班车项目的规模和增长却使得它成为业界最突出的企业。
The company started its own bus service in 2004 to shuttle roughly 150 employees from their San Francisco homes to the Googleplex in Mountain View, California. Today, 6,400 of Alphabet’s 11,000 Bay Area employees use the corporate fleet of 140 biodiesel-fueled buses to get to work each day. While the buses have been met with protests since 2013 for fuelling gentrification in the form of skyrocketing housing costs, the buses have succeeded in keeping cars off the road.
2004年，谷歌公司推出专属班车服务，每天往返于旧金山与加州山景城的谷歌园区之间，运送约150名员工。如今，Alphabet公司湾区1.1万名员工中，已有6400人使用由140辆生物柴油公交车组成的车队上下班。尽管自2013年以来，这些车辆因推高房价引发抗议，但它们成功实现了减少私家车上路的目标。
Private busing is not an option for most companies, but a variety of tools - from social media to long term planning - can reduce the number of single-driver cars employees put on the road, according to Susan Hunt Stevens, the founder and chief executive of WeSpire, a 35-person tech firm in Boston that offers an interactive, web-based platform to help companies motivate employees to change their habits, get onboard with company sustainability goals and measure outcomes. Commuting programs are among the most sought-after initiatives, she said.
波士顿科技公司WeSpire的创始人兼首席执行官苏珊·亨特·史蒂文斯表示，虽然私营巴士运输对多数企业来说并非可行方案，但通过社交媒体运营、长期规划等多样化手段，能有效减少员工驾驶私家车通勤的情况。这家拥有35名员工的科技公司开发了互动式网络平台，帮助企业激励员工改变出行习惯、参与可持续发展目标并追踪成效。她指出，通勤计划正是这类企业最青睐的创新举措之一。
Roughly 47,000 employees of companies using the WeSpire platform participate in programs to drive less, Stevens said. In total, they have taken more than 58,000 commuting-related actions - whether carpooling to work, taking public transportation, or telecommuting and holding virtual meetings.
史蒂文斯表示，约4.7万名使用WeSpire平台的公司员工参与了减少通勤的计划。这些员工已采取超过5.8万次通勤相关措施，包括拼车上班、乘坐公共交通工具，以及远程办公和线上会议。
Stevens modeled the WeSpire platform after the work of behavior change research scientist BJ Fogg of Stanford University. According to Fogg’ s behavior model, three elements - motivation, ability and a trigger - must converge for a behavior to change. Company sustainability initiatives are the motivation. WeSpire’s game mechanics platform helps with the trigger. Employees, then, are left to work on developing their ability to overcome barriers - sometimes perceived, sometimes all too real - to an alternative commute.
史蒂文斯公司借鉴斯坦福大学行为改变研究专家BJ·福格的理论构建了WeSpire平台。根据福格的行为模型，行为改变需要三个要素协同作用：动机、能力与触发因素。企业可持续发展计划构成动机，而WeSpire的游戏机制平台则充当触发因素。员工则需要通过提升自身能力来突破障碍——这些障碍或为主观认知，或为现实困境——从而实现替代通勤方案。
“Where do I get the bus? Where do I transfer? How much does it cost? In many places, the lack of ability to even find commuting options is very real,” Stevens said. “We hear,’I don’t have access to alternative options. There’s no public transit. No vanpools.’”
“公交车在哪里发车？换乘点在哪里？票价是多少？在很多地方，连通勤选择都难以找到，这确实是个现实问题，”史蒂文斯说。“我们常听到这样的抱怨：‘没有其他选择。没有公共交通，也没有拼车服务。’
Stevens said that the key to getting employees to drive less is improving their ability to find options and getting them to try something just once. “When they find out the non-driving option is doable, we task them to try it once a month, then once a week, and so on. Some people move to every day quickly,”she said.
史蒂文斯指出，促使员工减少驾驶的关键在于提升其选择方案的能力，并鼓励他们尝试一次。“当员工发现非驾驶方案可行时，我们会要求他们每月尝试一次，随后每周一次，依此类推。部分员工很快便实现了每日驾驶。”她表示。
In Boston and elsewhere, companies are increasingly relocating to be closer to transit or to where their employees live, even encouraging them to work from home. Adobe, for instance, left its $44m facility along a major suburban tech corridor outside of Boston for smaller digs closer to the city and nearer public transport, while providing its employees with a work-from-home option.
在波士顿和其他地方，越来越多的公司将办公地点迁移到离交通运输系统或者员工居住地很近的地方，甚至有些公司还鼓励员工在家里工作。拿 Adobe 公司来说，它搬离了原位于波士顿近郊主要技术地带的办公地点，该处的公司设备和设施价值 44,000,000 美元。由于能够为公司员工提供在家中办公的选择，Adobe 公司搬到了一处离城市公共交通非常近的一处很小的办公寓所。
“Companies stand to have a competitive advantage in thinking about getting workers to their location in a way that does not require driving,” Stevens said. “Cars are not the first choice for millennials. [Companies] need to think about how to support a workforce that doesn’t want to drive. It’s good for the environment, but frankly [it’s also] good for business.”
史蒂文斯说:“很多公司的选址都考虑到自己的员工无须开车便可以到达工作地点这一因素，这也是很多公司坚持遵守的竞争优势。” 此外，他还认为:“对于在新千年工作的人来说，开车上班并不是第一选择。因此，公司需要考虑如何支持那些不希望开车上班的员工。这不仅对于环境有好处，同时对于公司的发展也大有益处。”
Marriott International announced earlier this year that it plans to move its headquarters from Bethesda, Maryland, over the next few years to a location in the region that would better appeal to younger workers. Slightly more than 2,000 people work at the corporate headquarters. Marriott chief executive Arne Sorenson told the Washington Post in March that it is “essential we be accessible to metro” and located in a more urban area. Currently, the closest Washington DC metro rail stop is three miles away from Marriott headquarters.
美国万豪国际集团在 2015 年初宣布公司计划在未来几年内将其总部由马里兰州的贝塞斯达搬到能够更好吸引年轻员工的地区，而该总部的员工大概有 2000 多人。集团董事长苏安励在 3 月时告诉《华盛顿邮报》记者，对于公司来说，办公地点在接近地铁站的城市区域十分重要。目前在华盛顿，距离万豪国际总部最近的地铁站仅有三英里。
Integrating economics, social behavior and environmental sustainability trends, such as the desire for companies to move closer to public transit and city centers, can improve policy development.
将经济学、社会行为和环境可持续性趋势（如企业更倾向于靠近公共交通和城市中心）相结合，可促进政策制定。
Gerrit-Jan Knaap, professor and director of the National Center for Smart Growth at the University of Maryland, wonders what will happen long term if more companies follow Marriott’s lead. It’s a question that has been on his mind since developing a model for the region covering Baltimore to Washington DC to understand how behavior preferences and state policies will impact the future trends in development, transportation, land use and the environment.
马里兰大学国家智能增长中心主任、教授格里特-扬·克纳普（Gerrit-Jan Knaap）提出疑问：若更多企业效仿万豪集团的做法，长远来看将产生何种影响？**自从他为整个巴尔的摩到华盛顿地区开发了一个能够更好地理解人们的行为偏好和州政策如何影响未来发展、交通、土地利用和环境的模型，这个问题就一直萦绕在他心中。**
Knaap said that forecasting sustainable development involves tracking the interplay of large scale phenomena. Factoring in regional development, gas prices, greenhouse gas incentives, preferences for where millennials live, transportation choices and where highways get built are all helpful in deciding where to locate businesses and where future infrastructure development may fall short.
Knaap指出，可持续发展预测需要追踪大规模现象间的相互作用。**地区发展、原油价格、诱发温室效应气体的产生等因素对于企业的办公选址和未来哪些基础设施会出现不足都起到了决定作用。**
“The future, 20 years from now, with respect to travel choices, will be much different than it is today,” Knaap said, adding that the choices beyond the automobile – even if we’ re talking about driverless cars or car sharing services like Zipcar – should be expected and factored into sustainability planning. Modeling regional trends and transportation preferences, he said, presents an opportunity to forecast the effects of policies on the development of infrastructure that can be expected to last for 50 to 100 years, and determine what improvements are needed for a more sustainable future.
**克纳普 (Knaap) 说：“未来二十年，交通选择将会与今天大不相同”，未来将会有更多令人期待的不同于现有机动车的选择，甚至包括我们现在所讨论的无人驾驶机动车或者类似美国 Zipcar 公司的汽车共享服务，未来的可持续发展规划都应该将这些考虑在内。**他指出，通过模拟区域趋势与交通偏好，可预测政策对基础设施建设的影响——这些影响预计将持续50至100年，并据此确定未来需要哪些改进措施以实现更可持续的发展。
Until that happens, WeSpire’s Stevens said that companies can build momentum by increasing their employees’ capabilities to drive less. She added that successful nudges to improve low-carbon transportation have included preferential parking for electric or hybrid vehicles and carpools, as well as company benefits such as subsidies and pre-tax purchasing options for public transportation. She also said it’s important to understand regional differences: what works in Boston won’t work in Atlanta. But the failures, such as punitive pricing for driving, or asking employees to pay for parking, are universally bad motivators.
在这一转变发生之前，WeSpire公司的史蒂文斯指出，企业可以通过提升员工能力来减少驾驶行为，从而积累发展动力。她举例说明，推动低碳出行的成功举措包括为电动车或混合动力车提供优先停车权、鼓励拼车，以及推出补贴政策和公共交通税前优惠等企业福利。她强调，必须理解不同地区的差异性：波士顿行之有效的措施未必适用于亚特兰大。但诸如实施惩罚性驾驶定价、要求员工自费停车等措施，都是普遍存在的不良激励手段。
Getting people to stop driving to work ultimately means overcoming obstacles. Safety nets, like having Zipcars available to employees for emergencies curb fears of being stranded. But for some, obstacles such as waiting for infrequent shuttles or transit stand in the way of important family and personal time. “Those 30 minutes can mean the difference of having time to get to an exercise class or read your kid a bedtime story,” Stevens said.
要让人们停止开车上班，最终需要克服各种障碍。诸如为员工提供Zipcar紧急用车服务等安全网措施，可缓解其对被困的恐惧。但对部分人群而言，等待不频繁的班车或公交站等障碍，会阻碍其与家人共度重要个人时间。“这30分钟可能意味着能否及时参加健身课程或为孩子读睡前故事的差异，”史蒂文斯表示。
New Words and Expressions
| 单词 | 词性 | 音标 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| accrue | v. | [ə’kru:] | 产生；自然增长或利益增加 |
| alternative | adj. | [ɔ:l’tɜ:nətɪv] | 供选择的；选择性的 |
| barrier | n. | [‘bæriə] | 障碍物，屏障；界线 |
| biodiesel-fuel | adj. | [‘baɪəʊdi:zl] | 生物柴油燃料的 |
| carpool | v. | [‘kɑ:pu:l] | 合伙使用汽车 |
| commute | n. | [kə’mju:t] | 通勤 |
| converge | v. | [kən’v3:d3] | 汇聚，聚集 |
| corridor | n. | [‘kɒrɪdɔ:] | 走廊 |
| coveted | adj. | [‘kʌvɪtɪd] | 令人向往的 |
| curb | v. | [k3:b] | 控制，抑制 |
| dig | n. | [dɪg] | 住所，寓所 |
| gentrification | n. | [ˌdʒentrɪfɪ’keɪʃn] | 中产阶级化 |
| infrastructure | n. | [‘ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] | 基础设施；公共建设 |
| initiative | n. | [ɪ’nɪʃətɪv; -jə-] | 举措 |
| integrate | v. | [‘ɪntɪgreɪt] | 整合 |
| interactive | adj. | [ˌɪntər’æktɪv] | 交互式的；相互作用的 |
| mechanic | n. | [mə’kænɪk] | 结构 |
| millennials | n. | [mɪ’lenɪəlz] | 千禧一代 |
| momentum | n. | [mə’mentəm] | 势头 |
| motivate | v. | [‘məʊtɪveɪt] | 刺激；激发…… 的积极性 |
| nudge | n. | [nʌdʒ] | 说服；推动 |
| obstacle | n. | [‘ɒbstək(ə)l] | 障碍，干扰 |
| perceive | v. | [pə’si:v] | 感觉，感知，认知 |
| perk | n. | [p3:k] | 特殊待遇 |
| prominent | adj. | [‘prɒmɪnənt] | 突出的，杰出的，卓越的 |
| protest | n. | [‘prəʊtest] | 抗议 |
| punitive | adj. | [‘pju:nətɪv] | 惩罚性的 |
| roughly | adv. | [‘rʌfli] | 粗略地 |
| shuttle | n. | [ʃʌt(ə)l] | 穿梭巴士，公共汽车 |
| skyrocket | v. | [‘skaɪrɒkɪt] | 飞涨，突然高升 |
| sought-after | adj. | [‘sɔ:t ɑ:ftə] | 受欢迎的，很吃香的 |
| strand | v. | [strænd] | 使陷于困境 |
| subsidy | n. | [‘sʌbsɪdi] | 补贴，津贴，补助金 |
| suburban | adj. | [sə’b3:b(ə)n] | 郊区的，城郊的 |
| telecommuting | n. | [‘telikəˌmju:tɪŋ] | 远程办公；远程交换 |
| 短语 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| appeal to | 对…… 有吸引力 |
| be left to | 由…… 来决定 |
| for better or for worse | 不管怎样 |
| have access to | 可以利用 / 接触到…… |
| help with | 有助于…… |
| in the form of | 以…… 的形式 |
| meet with | 遭受…… |
| succeed in doing | 成功地做了…… |
| with respect to | 关于 / 至于…… |
Exercises
I. Give brief answers to the following questions.
- What benefits would be if company’s employees stopped driving to work mostly?
- What’s the function of the platform offered by WeSpire for companies?
- What are the three elements for a behavior to change in participating in commute program?
- What is the key to getting employees to drive less?
- What factors are helpful in deciding where to locate businesses and where future infrastructure development may fall short?
- What should be included for successful nudges to improve low-carbon transportation?
II. Complete the following passage by filling each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word using the Chinese in the brackets as the reference.
Until that happens, WeSpire’s Stevens said that companies can build(建立) momentum by increasing their employees’ capabilities(能力) to drive less.She added that successful nudges to improve low-carbon(低碳) transportation have included preferential(优先的) parking for electric or hybrid vehicles and carpools, as well as company benefits such as subsidies and pre-tax purchasing options for public transportation(交通). She also said it’s important to understand regional(地区的) differences: what works in Boston won’t work in Atlanta. But the failures, such as punitive pricing for driving, or asking employees to pay for parking, are universally bad motivators(激励因素).
Getting people to stop driving to work ultimately(根本上) means overcoming obstacles(障碍). Safety nets, like having Zipcars available to employees for emergencies curb(控制) fears of being stranded. But for some, obstacles such as waiting for infrequent shuttles or transit stand in the way of important family and personal time. “Those 30 minutes can mean the difference of having time to get to an exercise class or read your kid a bedtime story,”Stevens said.
III. Complete the following sentences with one function word.
- Google - which this week rebranded itself as Alphabet - may not have been the first company to offer shuttles to its employees, but the size and growth of its shuttle program have made it the most prominent, for better or for worse.
- While the buses have been met with protests since 2013 for fuelling gentrification in the form of skyrocketing housing costs,the buses have succeeded in keeping cars off the road.
- Stevens modeled the WeSpire platform after the work of behavior change research scientist BJ Fogg of Stanford University. According to Fogg’ s behavior model, three elements - motivation, ability and a trigger - must converge for a behavior to change.
- Employees, then, are left to work on developing their ability to overcome barriers - sometimes perceived, sometimes all too real - to an alternative commute.
- She added that successful nudges to improve low-carbon transportation have included preferential parking for electric or hybrid vehicles and carpools, as well as company benefits such as subsidies and pre-tax purchasing options for public transportation.
- “The future, 20 years from now, with respect to travel choices,will be much different than it is today,” Knaap said.
VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
In Boston and elsewhere, companies are increasingly relocating to be closer to transit or to where their employees live, even encouraging them to work from home. Adobe, for instance, left its $44m facility along a major suburban tech corridor outside of Boston for smaller digs closer to the city and nearer public transport, while providing its employees with a work-from-home option.
在波士顿和其他地方，越来越多的公司将办公地点迁移到离交通运输系统或者员工居住地很近的地方，甚至有些公司还鼓励员工在家里工作。拿 Adobe 公司来说，它搬离了原位于波士顿近郊主要技术地带的办公地点，该处的公司设备和设施价值 44,000,000 美元。由于能够为公司员工提供在家中办公的选择，Adobe 公司搬到了一处离城市公共交通非常近的一处很小的办公寓所。
“Companies stand to have a competitive advantage in thinking about getting workers to their location in a way that does not require driving,” Stevens said. “Cars are not the first choice for millennials. [Companies] need to think about how to support a workforce that doesn’t want to drive.It’s good for the environment, but frankly [it’ s also] good for business.”
史蒂文斯说:“很多公司的选址都考虑到自己的员工无须开车便可以到达工作地点这一因素，这也是很多公司坚持遵守的竞争优势。” 此外，他还认为:“对于在新千年工作的人来说，开车上班并不是第一选择。因此，公司需要考虑如何支持那些不希望开车上班的员工。这不仅对于环境有好处，同时对于公司的发展也大有益处。”
Marriott International announced earlier this year that it plans to move its headquarters from Bethesda, Maryland, over the next few years to a location in the region that would better appeal to younger workers. Slightly more than 2,000 people work at the corporate headquarters. Marriott chief executive Arne Sorenson told the Washington Post in March that it is “essential we be accessible to metro” and located in a more urban area. Currently, the closest Washington DC metro rail stop is three miles away from Marriott headquarters.
美国万豪国际集团在 2015 年初宣布公司计划在未来几年内将其总部由马里兰州的贝塞斯达搬到能够更好吸引年轻员工的地区，而该总部的员工大概有 2000 多人。集团董事长苏安励在 3 月时告诉《华盛顿邮报》记者，对于公司来说，办公地点在接近地铁站的城市区域十分重要。目前在华盛顿，距离万豪国际总部最近的地铁站仅有三英里。
作文模板
Title: My Views on [Topic Name]
In the rapidly evolving modern era, [A: Topic Word] has become a subject of intense discussion. Whether it is beneficial or detrimental depends largely on how we perceive and approach it.
On the one hand, the advantages are undeniable. Embracing [B: Positive Aspect] plays an indispensable role in individual growth and social progress. It allows us to [C: Specific Benefit], which lays a solid foundation for a better future. For example, without it, we might fail to adapt to the changing world effectively.
On the other hand, we cannot ignore the potential challenges. If handled improperly, [D: Negative Issue] might arise, causing harm to our well-being or society. We must remain vigilant against [E: Specific Risk] to avoid unnecessary consequences.
In conclusion, I firmly believe that a balanced attitude is essential. We should actively promote the positive values of [A: Topic Word] while making concerted efforts to minimize its negative impacts. Only in this way can we achieve sustainable development.
| 单元 (Unit) | [A] Topic Word (核心话题) | [B] Positive Aspect (正面价值) | [C] Specific Benefit (具体好处) | [D] Negative Issue (负面问题) | [E] Specific Risk (具体风险) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 2 Social Networking | social networking | efficient communication | keep in touch with friends and expand our social circles | superficial relationships | privacy leakage and cyber isolation |
| Unit 5 Ethics | moral integrity | ethical responsibility | build trust and ensure public safety | unethical behavior | short-sighted gains at the expense of others |
| Unit 7 Health | physical and mental health | a positive lifestyle | improve our immune system and life quality | bad living habits | excessive stress and chronic diseases |
| Unit 9 Education | liberal education | critical thinking | perceive the world from multiple perspectives | narrow-mindedness | becoming a machine without wisdom |
| Unit 10 Environment | environmental protection | sustainable development | preserve vital habitats for future generations | environmental degradation | heavy pollution and resource depletion |
举例：
Title: My Views on Social Networking
In the rapidly evolving modern era, social networking has become a subject of intense discussion. Whether it is beneficial or detrimental depends largely on how we perceive and approach it.
On the one hand, the advantages are undeniable. Embracing efficient communication plays an indispensable role in individual growth and social progress. It allows us to keep in touch with friends and expand our social circles, which lays a solid foundation for a better future. For example, without it, we might fail to adapt to the changing world effectively.
On the other hand, we cannot ignore the potential challenges. If handled improperly, superficial relationships might arise, causing harm to our well-being or society. We must remain vigilant against privacy leakage and cyber isolation to avoid unnecessary consequences.
In conclusion, I firmly believe that a balanced attitude is essential. We should actively promote the positive values of social networking while making concerted efforts to minimize its negative impacts. Only in this way can we achieve sustainable development.